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Showing posts with label narrative. Show all posts
Showing posts with label narrative. Show all posts

Friday

Complex textual structure of the Real

Even the most conservatively narrative history is filled with complex textual structure, discursion, and linkage. T

This fact does not depend on postmodern analysis or literary theoretic argument, nor does is derive from a novel philosophical or methodological stance; the structures we have discussed all appear, for example, in Thucydides' opening chapters. We need not fear that hypertext will slash apart or cherished narrative simplicity, for this narrative simplicity never existed.

Letting go our irrational fears of electronic writing and leaving aside nostalgia for an imaginary literary past, we can explore afresh the opportunities hypertext offers. Linearity was never an option for historical writing; hypertextuality can make complex structure concrete, clear and responsive to both the author and reader.

It is a shame that too much of the popular perspective on hypertext does not yet recognize this, and that hypertext punditry so often caters to fear and nostalgia.

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts-Enter Jean-Philippe Pastor


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Wednesday

Misunderstanding of narrative

Fear of incoherent hypertext arises from a combination of three factors: superstition, sloth, and a fundamental misunderstanding of narrative.

The roles of superstition and sloth are simple. Those who dislike computers (especially those who aren't very familiar with them) fear that their mysterious force will somehow damage the sort of writing they enjoy. Those who don't take the trouble to read much hypertext, similarly, often delude themselves by imagining that their failure is a virtue, that hypertext isn't worth reading because it cannot be worth reading. The sheer improbability of myriad successful artistic forms throughout the eons should make us doubt such ab initio arguments about human expression.

The misunderstanding of narrative, the naive belief that narrative is linear, is both pervasive and wrong-headed. Let us consider, for a moment, that most seemingly-linear of forms, historical narrative in the tradition of Thucydides, Gibbon, McCauley, Henry Adams, Bury, and Shelby Foote. Moreover, let us focus exclusively on the historian's traditional audience of colleagues, advanced students, and serious adult readers; we will ignore any aspirations to address mass markets, children, distant cultures, the MTV generation, or any of the other peripheral strengths at which hypertext writing is believed to excel.

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts-Enter Jean-Philippe Pastor


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Tuesday

Incoherent hypertexts


People who aren't very familiar with hypertext writing, but who nonetheless want to impress you with their knowledge, often claim that hypertexts are incoherent, that they lack the structure and rigor of conventional, linear prose. For example, Sven Birkerts writes in his Gutenberg Elegies that

Humanistic knowledge . . . ultimately seeks to fashion a comphrensible narrative. It is, in other words, about the creation and expansion of meaningful contents. Interactive media technologies are, at least in one sense, anti-contextual. They open the field to new widths. . .

The danger should be obvious: The horizon, the limit that have definition to the parts of the narrative, will disappear.

Others simply fear that there is no place for links within a coherent narrative, that hypertext is the exclusive province of technical manuals on the one hand and incoherent postmodernism on the other.

This fear arises from a combination of three factors: superstition, sloth, and a fundamental misunderstanding of narrative. The roles of superstition and sloth are simple. Those who dislike computers (especially those who aren't very familiar with them) fear that their mysterious force will somehow damage the sort of writing they enjoy. Those who don't take the trouble to read much hypertext, similarly, often delude themselves by imagining that their failure is a virtue, that hypertext isn't worth reading because it cannot be worth reading. The sheer improbability of myriad successful artistic forms throughout the eons should make us doubt such ab initio arguments about human expression.


Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts-Enter Jean-Philippe Pastor


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Wednesday

The end of narratives

The story is dead.

The basic unit of currency that nearly all of journalism has
traded in since it began is finished.

And it's dead because of big things we've all seen
happening, but that we've been reluctant to put together to come to
the inevitable conclusion - that the story is dead.

It's obvious why we're reluctant to come to this conclusion:
the story is at the centre of everything that we do.
What’s the first question we always ask? 'Is it a good story?'
The language we use about our journalism comes back to the
story.

'Get the story.' 'Tell the story.' 'It's a lead story.' The thing we
tell young journalists to focus on above all else: 'Be a good
storyteller.' 'Use the touching detail of the story to tell a bigger truth
about the world.'

The story has become everything that we do. It lies behind
all our rites and rituals. The things we think make journalism.
Scoops, deadlines, headlines; accuracy, impartiality, public interest
– they all lean on the fundamental assumption that we do our
business in stories.

Journalists have extended 'the story' way beyond what
it was once useful for. It's a great way of learning some things
about the world – but it's rubbish for many other forms of public
communication.

In spite of that, we have stretched 'the story' as a format and
sub-genre further than it could ever really go. And we did that to
create the whole idea of journalism and journalists as a trade and a
tribe apart. We did it to define ourselves. Only journalists could
spot stories; only journalists could find the top line that could
compete for the attention of mass audiences.

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts-Enter Jean-Philippe Pastor


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Thursday

1100 text spaces


The GRAMMATRON project is a "public domain narrative environment" developed by virtual artist Mark Amerika in conjunction with the Brown University Graduate Creative Writing Program and the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Graphics and Visualization Center as well as with the support of many individuals without whom none of this would be possible.


The project consists of over over 1100 text spaces, 2000 links, 40+ minutes of original soundtrack delivered via Real Audio 3.0, unique hyperlink structures by way of specially-coded Javascripts, a virtual gallery featuring scores of animated and still life images, and more storyworld development than any other narrative created exclusively for the Web.

A story about cyberspace, Cabala mysticism, digicash paracurrencies and the evolution of virtual sex in a society afraid to go outside and get in touch with its own nature, GRAMMATRON depicts a near-future world where stories are no longer conceived for book production but are instead created for a more immersive networked-narrative environment that, taking place on the Net, calls into question how a narrative is composed, published and distributed in the age of digital dissemination.


The GRAMMATRON project has been exhibited at many international museums and festivals including Ars Electronica, The International Symposium for Electronic Art (ISEA), SIGGRAPH 98, The Telstra Adelaide Arts Festival (South Australia), Virtual Worlds 98 (Paris) and the International Biennial of Film and Architecture (Graz).
GRAMMATRON was one of the first works of Internet Art to ever be included in the prestigious Whitney Biennial (2000).


You can enter GRAMMATRON now or visit the companion theory-guide called Hypertextual Consciousness or, if you prefer, go to The Alt-X Online Publishing Network to see where this all started.
For essays and articles on the developmental process behind GRAMMATRON, see Mark Amerika's Amerika-Online column at Alt-X.


- Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/

- See that post with different algorithms in metabole

- See the journal French Metablog with today different posts




Wednesday

Novel for internet


A novel for the Internet about London Underground in seven cars and a crash

253 ? Why 253 ? describes the ground rules of the novel.
The Journey Planner provides links to the first four cars and individual passengers.
About this Site tells you a bit more about 253 and the author.
Select The End of the Line to read about the end of each carriage's voyage.
Another One along in a Minute describes the sequel you are invited to help write.
On each car section, advertisements appear. These are deeply serious and should be read with great attention.

Simply click on the option of your choice. Relax! It's so easy, travelling with 253.
In cyberspace, people become places.

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts - PHONEREADER Library - - Jean-Philippe Pastor

Tuesday

Interactive art


VALERIE LAMONTAGNE:

How do architecture and fiction cohabit in the medium of interactive art and Web projects?

DOUGLAS COOPER:

Interactive art is inherently obscene in its structural demands. It requires a kind of rigor no sane novelist would willingly submit to. On the other hand, those of us who regard sanity as the realm of the provincial, happily submit to all manner of restraining devices.


Indigestion, a piece I made with Diller + Scofidio, required me to write the same narrative in numerous iterations. It is a laser-disc installation which involves a video projection upon a table top: the hands of two dining partners, and the food and plates between them. A menu at the side of the table/screen allows the viewer to assign various attributes to the diners: they can be educated, uneducated; masculine, effeminate; male, female. When the attributes are chosen, the hands and the food morph to reflect the new speakers and the dialogue changes appropriately.
Indigestion deals with the false promise of interactivity.
The audience has the illusion of narrative power - they seem be able to control the direction of the story, by making meaningful choices - and yet each narrative proves ultimately unyielding, subject only to the will of the author. And this is generally the case: a complex interacting narrative is invariably scripted, and the audience's sense of contributing to the narrative process is illusory. At best, they're choosing which path they wish to take through a preconceived structure.


I had to deal with every possible combination of various interlocutors, and it was a serious headache. We had been warned in advance that "creating interactive art is like cleaning your loft with a toothbrush" but we only fully realized the truth of this when we'd spent some weeks trying to make all the narrative bits mesh.


Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts - PHONEREADER Library - - Jean-Philippe Pastor



Monday

Mouse button or cursor

Donna Leishman’s latest piece of electronic literature, “Contemplating Flight” viewers help shape the plot depending on where they click a mouse button or move their cursor.

Leishman fans who come to Clark College this weekend to explore the digital narrative will first see an image of a bird sitting on a branch. Using a mouse to navigate the screen, the viewer can make the bird blink or tweet, or move fruit on the tree. Ultimately, how the mouse moves helps determine the story.

Electronic literature such as Leishman’s narrative can’t fully be appreciated in print. It’s part of an art form whose entire history spans just a few decades and has expanded in scope along with computer technology.

This weekend Washington State University Vancouver, Clark College and North Bank Artists Gallery will team up to trace the evolution of media art. They’ll present everything from pioneering digital fiction from the mid-1980s, computer-based pieces using hypertext to move readers sequentially through stories, to recent, more pictorial Web fiction and avant-garde multimedia performance art created on the spot with dynamic combinations of sound and video.

The exhibits are being held in conjunction with the Electronic Literature Organization’s 2008 conference. Hosted by WSU Vancouver, the event will bring 120 scholars and artists from the United States, Europe, Canada, Asia and South America to Vancouver to share their work and discuss the field. Artists will be on hand tonight and Saturday evenings at the exhibits to talk about their work.
Seeing media art’s progression from simple computer text to flashy colors, sounds and games will help drive home how dependent artists working in the genre are on evolving technology, said Dene Grigar, associate professor and program director of digital technology and culture at WSU Vancouver.

The advent of Web browsers and high-speed Internet connections, for example, allows color and sound to be used in ways that weren’t possible for early media artists such as Michael Joyce, Grigar said.

Today’s media art includes, among other things, Internet radio, story-driven online games and virtual environments such as Second Life.

Venues participating in this weekend’s show will emphasize different aspects of media art past and present.

North Bank Artists Gallery will focus on current trends. It will spotlight such work as Kate Pullinger’s complex multimedia story “Inanimate Alice” and an improvisational sound and video show, “Exploding Plastic and Inevitable Redux,” by Steve Gibson and Stefan Müller. In Gibson and Müller’s performance, notes on their instruments are programmed to correspond to certain images. As they play, these visuals will be projected onto overhead screens.

The Clark College exhibit also will showcase work by today’s leaders in media art, including Leishman’s “Contemplating Flight.”

WSU Vancouver will take a step back, tracing the roots of media art. Scholars don’t all agree on when the art form emerged. Some argue it was in the 1950s and ’60s, when mainframe computers dominated the technology scene. Most say it was 1984, when Apple introduced the Macintosh desktop computer.

WSU Vancouver’s exhibit will include examples of early electronic literature by media art pioneers such as Joyce, Judy Malloy and Jim Rosenberg.

Grigar hopes the show will help raise awareness about this relatively new type of art and way of reading.

“We want to introduce people to an art form not prevalent yet,” she said.

MARY ANN ALBRIGHT can be reached at maryann.albright@columbian.com or 360-735-4507.

Wednesday

Screen movement

In an effort to maintain constancy of movement and screen direction various rules were articulated for narrative cinema.

These are preserved today in most sporting telecasts, and are a common feature in all film making. Very schematically, if a character (or car or other moving object) leaves screen left, then it must enter in the next shot from the right hand side of the frame but continue moving screen left. The reverse is also true.

Additionally, if there is movement towards and past the camera, say to the right (so since they have moved towards and past the camera the moving object would exit in the lower right of frame), then the next shot requires that the figure enters from the lower left of the frame - in effect the camera crosses the axis of direction. These concerns about screen direction are used in combination with those that apply to movement across shots.

In these examples constancy of direction is directed towards readerly intelligibility - an assumption being that this consistency will aid the viewer. However it is widely accepted theoretically that the major import of such a practice is as much to conceal the presence of the edit as it is to enhance readerly comprehension.
This constancy is evident in the rescue sequence in Keaton's Our Hospitality, though is broken where the boat plummets over the waterfall.
A performative hypertext presented by Journal of Digital Information
Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/
See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts

Sunday

Rules of combination

As Metz makes abundantly clear, there is no real paradigmatic axis in the cinema, and this is also so in hypertext - when I write hypertext I can link more or less to anywhere and there are no necessary rules of combination that exclude or promote particular destinations. This suggests that it is within the series of combinations formed by links, what Metz in the cinematic case characterises as autonomous syntagmatic units, that hypertext structure resides.

Adrian Miles: Hypertext syntagmas: cinematic narration with links A performative hypertext presented by Journal of Digital Information

Saturday

What constitutes a sequence

It is important that we recognise that hypertextual narration is composed of syntagmatic series, and that this series is determined on the basis of some measure of narrative 'integrity' - whether episodic wholeness, readerly comprehension, temporal or thematic unity, or some other criteria (Rosenberg 1996).

This is important because it suggests that the definition and decision of what constitutes a sequence lies as much outside of each constituent part as it does within the content or the connecting of its parts. Hence, if it lies outside, then any ambition to develop or define a typology or classificatory system must always be surrendered in the face of this outside.


See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts
Enter Hypertextual as a member

Thursday

Linking categories


Christian Metz argued that the major mode of analysis for cinema (and by implication, hypertext) was based on syntagmatic relations, that is, meaning is principally developed and articulated through the expression of a partially autonomous temporal chain.

This is quite different to the model of natural languages, and extremely different to how we might understand poetry and other creative utterances. Based on this, Metz developed a bifurcating series of possible syntagmatic relations which can be considered to be the major combinations possible.

Metz's schema is derived from a series of simple oppositions, where each distinction revolves around what can be characterised as plot order (continuous or discontinous) and story time (continuous or discontinous). This generates a series of paired syntagmatic groups where each division is able to be further subdivided on the basis of these simple divisions.

The value of this schema for hypertext is significant. First, it offers a novel approach to considering link relations that may (or may not) prove fruitful in considering and developing a critical and creative awareness of hypertextual patterns. This clearly intersects with Bernstein's significant work on hypertext patterns, and this essay's contribution may be useful to the extent that it encourages writers and readers to rethink our assumptions about sequence.

Second, there are substantial theoretical implications embedded within Metz's approach, for the significant narrative unit identified by Metz is not the shot (the hypertext node), or the relation of one shot to another (the edit), but is in fact the larger sequential units produced by the combinations of shots.

Finally, Metz's work demonstrates the strongly contextual nature of these syntagmatic series, a context that traditional cinema narration attempts to saturate, and a context which is increasingly recognised as relevant to hypertext design.

The success of Metz's categories for hypertext lie not so much in their direct applicability but in allowing us to cast light on the role of syntagmatic segments in the production of meaning in hypertext. Metz recognises, as a result of his hierarchy, that such semantic or syntactic trees are unable to account for the varieties of possibility afforded, nor for how they are actually used by individual films, or readers.


Adrian Miles: Hypertext syntagmas: cinematic narration with links
A performative hypertext presented by Journal of Digital Information


See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts
Enter Hypertextual as a member

Friday

Space between two posts

Hypertext navigation means not only traversing a space between two points in the narrative.

To Terry Harpold, it means as well electing to diverge from a predetermined course. The possibility that the reader may choose to digress from a path of the narrative, and remain within a field/terrain that is still identifiably that of the text she is reading, greatly complicates metaphors of intentional movement that may be applied to the act of reading.You might not get there, and something might happen to you along the way. The digressions of hypertexts are narrative instances of slippages in the fabric of language from which they are woven. The link serves not only to join the threads it associates, but also to circumscribe a place where the threads are divided from one another.

The link is where the narrative takes a turn around a place that is inaccessible because you can only encircle it.


Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/
See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts
Enter Hypertextual as a member

Wednesday

Moving in the narrative


To choose among 8 algorithms in the hypertext...This is a situation where the issue of typed links becomes important. How many clues do I want to give that a link will move to another narrative, or to an expository section "far away"? If none, will the reader be confused? If too many, will the reader ignore the links that are meant to contextualize the current node?

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/
See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts

Monday

Semiotic experience


Passive reading, the desire to be surrounded by the text, is as close as reading can come to being a perceptual rather than a semiotic experience. The goal of passive reading is to forget oneself by identifying with the narrative world presented. In this sense passive reading is antireading, since true reading is an encounter with signs in which the reader continually asserts (and repeatedly loses) his or her independence of the text. Like reading technologies, the computer too can be used for antireading.

Sunday

What is navigation


Hypertext navigation means not only traversing a space between two points in the narrative.


To Terry Harpold, it means as well electing to diverge from a predetermined course. The possibility that the reader may choose to digress from a path of the narrative, and remain within a field/terrain that is still identifiably that of the text she is reading, greatly complicates metaphors of intentional movement that may be applied to the act of reading.You might not get there, and something might happen to you along the way. The digressions of hypertexts are narrative instances of slippages in the fabric of language from which they are woven. The link serves not only to join the threads it associates, but also to circumscribe a place where the threads are divided from one another.

The link is where the narrative takes a turn around a place that is inaccessible because you can only encircle it.


Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/
See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts
Enter Hypertextual as a member

Monday

What is a text?


What is a text?

We often refer to a book as a text because it represents a wholeness, a complete story or a scientific report, for example. Texts are also often the start and completion of an argument. Since the focus of this work is on argumentation, I would like to pay special attention to text in terms of argument, and view text as the entity through which arguments are made, the means of presentation for the argument, if you will. (tformaro.com)

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/
See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts

Wednesday

Restricted set of texts



Some hypertextual fiction place conditions on the accessibility of particular bits of the story.



If a reader has accessed a certain set of texts, then the texts in the restricted set become available. If the reader has not, then the restricted set remains closed to her. Such narrative gaming depends on the logic of another text, what Stuart Moulthrop has dubbed the "hypotext," that substructure of programming code only the operating system (or a clever hacker) can read. And as Moulthrop also points out, such authorial control over readers' choices represents a return of that perennial zombie, the author who is never quite dead after all.



Those texts left fully accessible to readers, those in which readers can write as well as read -- texts Michael Joyce terms constructive -- depart most sharply from printed ones. The textual additions, deletions, re-formations a reader might make are indistinguishable from those the first writer created. And being electronic, such a text can easily be replicated and disseminated widely. These forms have no paper-based equivalents: they are "native," if you will, to a specific computing environment.





Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/


See that post with different algorithms in metabole


See the journal French Metablog with today different posts


Enter Hypertextual as a member

Sunday

Predetermined course



  • Hypertext navigation means not only traversing a space between two points in the narrative.

    To Terry Harpold, it means as well electing to diverge from a predetermined course. The possibility that the reader may choose to digress from a path of the narrative, and remain within a field/terrain that is still identifiably that of the text she is reading, greatly complicates metaphors of intentional movement that may be applied to the act of reading.
    You might not get there, and something might happen to you along the way. The digressions of hypertexts are narrative instances of slippages in the fabric of language from which they are woven. The link serves not only to join the threads it associates, but also to circumscribe a place where the threads are divided from one another.

    The link is where the narrative takes a turn around a place that is inaccessible because you can only encircle it.

    Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/
    See that post with different algorithms in
    metabole
    See the journal
    French Metablog with today different posts
    Enter
    Hypertextual as a member