Interconnectedness

Hypertextuality

Hypertextuality is a postmodern theory of the inter-connectedness of all literary works and their interpretation.

The prefix 'hyper' is derived from the Greek 'above, beyond or outside'. Hence hypertext has come to describe a text which provides a network of links to other texts that are 'outside, beyond and above itself'.

According to Gerard Genette in Palimpsestes, a book about hypertextuality, "hypotext" refers to the source of the text, as well as to previous editions or versions of it. Hypertext is related to paratext, which includes information that accompanies the text itself (illustrations, preface or introduction).

See also

• Intertextuality
• Paratext

References

1. ^ Genette, Gérard (1997). Palimpsests: literature in the second degree. Translated by Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7029-1. OCLC 36001432.http://books.google.com/books?id=KbYzNp94C9oC. Retrieved 6 April 2009.

see http://www.hypertext.belarus.pomorze.pl/

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Long form textuality

With E-Readers here are the potential gains: edgier, riskier books in digital form, new forms of narratives, invention. New modes of storytelling. A rise in importance of texts and meaning. And, yes — paradoxically — a marked increase in the quality of things that do get printed

The thing is to understand why we historically haven't read long-form text on screens and how the e-readers are wedging themselves in the middle of everything.

We got to separate good and bad hypertextuality.

The key difference between Formless and Definite Content is the interaction between the content and the page (their fusion actually). Formless Content doesn’t see the page or its boundaries. Whereas Definite Content is not only aware of the page, but embraces it. It edits, shifts and resizes itself to fit the e-page. In a sense, Definite Content approaches the page as a canvas — something with dimensions and limitations — and leverages these attributes to both elevate the object and the content to a more complete whole.

Formless Content is unaware of the container.

Definite Content embraces the container as a canvas. Formless content is usually only PDF. Definite content usually has some hypertextual elements along with text.


- See the journal French Metablog with today different posts - Jean-Philippe Pastor

Hyperlinking and Hypertexting

An Hyperlink is an element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to an entirely different document.

Typically, you click on the hyperlink to follow the link. Hyperlinks are the most essential ingredient of all hypertext systems, including the World Wide Web.

An Hypertext is a special type of database system, invented by Ted Nelson in the 1960s, in which objects (text, pictures, music, programs, and so on) can be creatively linked to each other.

When you select an object, you can see all the other objects that are linked to it. You can move from one object to another even though they might have very different forms.

For example, while reading a document about Mozart, you might click on the phrase Violin Concerto in A Major, which could display the written score or perhaps even invoke a recording of the concerto. Clicking on the name Mozart might cause various illustrations of Mozart to appear on the screen. The icons that you select to view associated objects are called Hypertext links or buttons.

Hypertext systems are particularly useful for organizing and browsing through large databases that consist of disparate types of information. There are several Hypertext systems available for Apple Macintosh computers and PCs that enable you to develop your own databases. Such systems are often called authoring systems . HyperCard software from Apple Computer is the most famous.

From Webopedia

- See the journal French Metablog with today different posts - Jean-Philippe Pastor

How to write Ebooks ?

Historically speaking about hypertextuality is a bit like the 1910s in film studies; there were attractions, practices and very little understanding of what was actually going on, not to mention lots of money to be made and lost.

As we study hypertext and computer games, we need to have some idea of digital media as well as of rhetoric of textuality as a whole. For that purpose (especially for games as Eskalinen put it) we'll use the theories of Espen Aarseth, Roger Caillois, Warren Motte and David Parlett in particular. They form a filter through which the possibly heuristic findings and borrowings from various neighbouring disciplines and predatory theory formations are viewed, tested, modified and transformed.

While discussing articulation, materiality, functionality, typology and orientation, among other things, we are confronting the bare essentials of the traditional rhetoric and linguistic situation: the manipulation or the configuration of temporal, spatial, causal and functional relations and properties in different registers.

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Jean-Philippe Pastor

Ebooks made of intertextuality or hypertextuality ?

Intertextuality, as defined by Michael Riffaterre, "depends on a system of limitations in our freedom of choice, of exclusions, since it is by renouncing incompatible associations within the text that we come to identify in the intertext their compatible counterparts.

"He further states that this intertextuality is the complete opposite of hypertextuality because the former builds a "structured network" of limits that will keep the reader on track (towards the "correct" interpretation), the latter is a "loose web of free association."

This comparison forces me to question Riffaterre's understanding of hypertext. The quote comes from a 1994 article, when hypertext was somewhat different from today's (1997) version, but certainly not an amorphous, unstructured mass of material arbitrarily selected. Two distinct types of information linking in hypertext refute Riffaterre's argument. First, embedded links are placed in a text by the author. They are very rarely random.

A second form, "searches", are dependent on the programming of the search engine (program). Currently, different search engines give different "hits" to the same inquiry, which indicates that someone has decided how the search will be limited because computers can not make such decisions without instructions.Riffaterre ultimately sees the intertext from the Aristotilean perspective of certifiable truth. He even goes so far as to imagine that the "Institutions of Interpretation" have not changed since Aristotle. Perhaps some in academia can maintain that illusion, but those who have grown up as "other" would argue the point. At any rate, he embraces an artificial standard when he states,Intertextuality is made manifest either by syllepsis or by a gap, or by an ungrammaticality. . .

Each of these is immediately perceptible to readers, who need no more, to respond to the text, than the senses nature gave them.

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How to write ebooks ?

Creative hypertextual writers have to construct texts that interact with the needs and desires of the reader.

Hypertextual writing represents a new stage in the long history of writing, one that has far-reaching implications in the fields of human and artificial intelligence, cognitive science, philosophy, semiotics, and literary theory. Hypertext will carry literacy into a new age -- the age of electronic text that will emerge from the "age of print that is now passing."

According to Bolter, cultural literacy is now becoming almost synonymous with computer literacy.

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PHONEREADER Library - - Jean-Philippe Pastor

Hypertext structure history

Nabokov used them. Wittgenstein did, too. But only Niklas Luhmann made the humble index card his magnum opus.

The German sociologist, who died 10 years ago, was 28 when he started to organise his first box of cards, or Zettelkasten. Marshall McLuhan declared the medium the message; Luhmann said: "I only think with my index card system."

That system began simply enough: rather than being organised by theme, every index card carried a label that started with a number. If an entry got the number 57/12, for example, and took up more space than one card would allow, the second card would be 57/13. But if an observation within that first card led to a separate branch of thought, the index card would get the number 57/12a - which could run on to 57/12b.

Luhmann used the index cards to map out and develop ideas, thoughts and theories. He wound up with labels as long as 21/3d26g53 - the number of a card discussing his academic rival, Jurgen Habermas.

The Zettelkasten reflected the structure of society, which, Luhmann argued, consists not of individuals or their actions, but of communication. Nor is modern society hierarchical, but divided into multiple, totally independent subsystems. The Zettelkasten allowed him to think about society in non-linear and non-hierarchical ways.

"We see ourselves as systems," he wrote - and the "we" referred to himself and his Zettelkasten. For Luhmann, the index card system was not only a work tool, but his "communication partner", as inspiring as any living person could be. It might sound an odd claim, but think of the surprises and delights our good friend Google coughs up every day and you'll realise that Luhmann was, in some ways, ahead of us all.

His disciples recognised this when they compared the Zettelkasten with the hypertext structure of the world wide web. It works more like a network than a book: no single text is more important than another, and the entries refer to each other by links.

Easy enough, one would think, to transfer the Zettelkasten to the virtual world. In 1988, an interviewer asked Luhmann if he ever thought about that. "For my 10 metres of densely noted index cards", Luhmann answered, "computers came too late."

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Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts - PHONEREADER Library - - Jean-Philippe Pastor

Different forms of hypertextuality

An hyperlink is an element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to an entirely different document. Typically, you click on the hyperlink to follow the link. Hyperlinks are the most essential ingredient of all hypertext systems, including the World Wide Web.

Hypertext is a special type of database system, invented by Ted Nelson in the 1960s, in which objects (text, pictures, music, programs, and so on) can be creatively linked to each other. When you select an object, you can see all the other objects that are linked to it.

You can move from one object to another even though they might have very different forms. For example, while reading a document about Mozart, you might click on the phrase Violin Concerto in A Major, which could display the written score or perhaps even invoke a recording of the concerto. Clicking on the name Mozart might cause various illustrations of Mozart to appear on the screen. The icons that you select to view associated objects are called Hypertext links or buttons.

Hypertext systems are particularly useful for organizing and browsing through large databases that consist of disparate types of information. There are several Hypertext systems available for Apple Macintosh computers and PCs that enable you to develop your own databases. Such systems are often called authoring systems . HyperCard software from Apple Computer is the most famous.

Download ebooks on http://www.frenchtheory.com/ - See that post with different algorithms in metabole - See the journal French Metablog with today different posts

- PHONEREADER Library - - Jean-Philippe Pastor

Hyper

The prefix hyper- ("over" or "beyond") signifies the overcoming of the old linear constraints of written text. The term "hypertext" is often used where the term hypermedia might seem appropriate. In 1992 Ted Nelson - who coined both terms in 1965 - wrote:

By now the word "hypertext" has become generally accepted for branching and responding text, but the corresponding word "hypermedia," meaning complexes of branching and responding graphics, movies and sound - as well as text - is much less used. Instead they use the strange term "interactive multimedia" - four syllables longer, and not expressing the idea that it extends hypertext. - Nelson , Literary Machines 1992

Keeping text free

The idea for organizing information, which allowed the user to select and display any stored section of information was first imagined by Vannervar Bush. The “Memex” couldn’t be built then in 1945. It wasn’t until 1960 that Theodor Nelson, who studied computer programming had an idea of “hypertext”. It was not until 1968 that the prototype for the hypertext was developed by Douglas Englebart. The Augment system he developed was used in organizing the government’s research network, called the ARPAnet. This first internet linked all information as “group memory” with it’s appropriate documents to with government projects. 1975 Andries Van Dam , a computer engineer collaborated with Mr. Scholes, an English professor at Brown University.

By making hypertext available in different windows this Non-linear learning style reinforced new ideas and methodologies. It’s interesting to note that with hypertext linkage readers could now go through books at the speed of human intellect. I’m sure we have all experienced having to look in numerous books for the information needed for a research project.With this new introduction of hypertext, slowly boundaries of specialized careers are being removed. The controversy of text plagiarism soon erupted as Publishing industry protected their profit by forming copyright laws. In regards to claims of owning words, I also agree with keeping text free, it is just the ideas such as an invention that a person should be recognized for in their own right. Hypertext opened many doors to new ideas and inventions that groups of differently trained professions would otherwise not have collaborated with each other. To try and ban these is a constriction of future advances in all fields.

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Textual fragmentation and capitalism

Fredric Jameson has argued for the necessary relation between expressions of psychic and textual fragmentation and a concomitant socio-economic fracturing characteristic of late capitalism."

[I]t is not the unity of the world that demands to be posited on the basis of the unity of the transcendental subject; rather, the unity or incoherence and fragmentation of the subject that is, the inaccessability of a workable subject position or the absence of one ‹ is itself a correlative of the unity or lack of unity of the outside world". (FJ)On a related note, some feminist anthropologists have found it more than a bit strange that postmodern theorists began to question the basis of certain truths at precisely the moment when they lost the absolute privilege to define them. [Hartsock, Marcia-Lees, Nicholson] Thus the postmodern turn may be an expression not of some absolutely true state of things, but of the decentering and fragmentation currently experienced by dominant groups and classes, experiences that are at least partly the result of women's struggle for equality in the home and the workplace in the latter half of the twentieth century.

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See the journal French Metablog with today different posts

What is Hypertextual.net

Since Hypertextual claims that writing in this medium demands new ways of writing and inevitably produces an amplified, extended text, adapting the book to hypertext requires not only that one add hypertextual features, such as linking sections of the book and reconfiguring the endnotes, but also that one include materials, such as reviews, seminaire's comments, or longer sections of primary materials than one could include in a print version.
Le prétexte dérobé therefore contains not only original texts but also more than nine parts of a Proem, all the reviews the book received by the time we went into production, portions of works by Jacques Derrida's answers, parodies of literary theory, and a main text ending the whole thing: La Métabole Des Grecs.


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Web services

The old perception is that closed data is a competitive advantage.

The new reality is that open data is a competitive advantage. The likely solution then is to stop worrying about protecting information and instead start charging for it, by offering an API. Having a small fee per API call (think Amazon Web Services) is likely to be acceptable, since the cost for any given subscriber of the service is not going to be high. But there is a big opportunity to make money on volume. This is what Amazon is betting on with their Web Services strategy and it is probably a good bet.

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Interactivity and Hypertext

In all cases of hypertextuality in Metabole, it is by using some hyperlinlinking functions that the user can "jump" from one node to another.

Then, we can extend the concept of interactivity, already utilized to describe one of the properties of a hypertextual page, to the whole hypertext. We can say that a hypertext is interactive because it allows the reader to choose for his or her own personal and often unique path of navigation through the nodes, and for the operations to carry out with the object-nodes present in each page-node.

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See that post with different algorithms in metabole

See the journal French Metablog with today different posts

Reading and passivity

It's strange to think we can read --and we used to for a long time in history-- without any principle of hypertextuality (is it really true to say such a thing?...)

Because more often than not, readers are encouraged to comprehend and understand what they are reading. Rather than question a text, they are urged to assume its authority, a perspective that encourages without any doubt acceptance without question, passivity over active reading.
(see texts from Dornan, Rosen, and Wilson)

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See that post with different algorithms in metabole
See the journal French Metablog with today different posts