The pessimistic dimension in Benjamin's thought is revealed in his claim that the divine alone enables us to speak of justice.
Since there is no place in secular history for this dimension - sometimes referred to as "messianic" - his utopianism strongly suggests a transformation of the utopian project. Real change is now conceived as possible only by the overthrow of history. From this perspective, each revolutionary effort to realize utopia - with which he explicitly identifies - is revealed as a vanity of the mythic force that confronts the messianic. In contrast to Horkheimer's and Adorno's positive utopianism, in their early thinking, Benjamin incorporated two elements within the framework of his fundamentally pessimistic negative utopianism: the tradition of thought on redemption, and the utopian tradition. (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev)
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